有限元方法问答 13:热传导
L14 — Heat Transfer(热传导)🟡 样卷未考
Q108 🟡 Fourier热传导定律
EN: Fourier’s law of heat conduction in 1D:
where is the heat flux (kW/m²), is the thermal conductivity (W/m/K), and is the temperature gradient. The negative sign indicates heat flows from hot to cold (down the temperature gradient).
中文: Fourier定律:热流 = −导热系数 × 温度梯度。热量从高温流向低温(负号)。K的单位是W/m/K。这是热传导的基本定律。
Q109 🟡 稳态热传导方程
EN: Steady-state heat conduction (no time dependence, ):
1D:
2D (orthotropic):
where is the internal heat generation rate per unit volume (kW/m³).
中文: 稳态()热传导方程——1D:;2D:。Q是内热源。注意与结构力学平衡方程的类比:(温度)↔ (位移)。
Q110 🟡 热传导的FEM基本变量
EN: In heat transfer FEM, the primary unknown is temperature (analogous to displacement in structural FEM). The element equation has the same form:
where = element conductivity matrix (analogous to stiffness matrix), = nodal temperature vector, = element thermal load vector (internal heat generation + surface heat flux).
中文: 热传导FEM的基本变量是温度T(类比结构FEM的位移u)。单元方程形式相同:,"刚度矩阵"变成热传导矩阵,"力"变成热载荷。
Q111 🟡 热传导B矩阵的作用
EN: In heat transfer FEM, the B-matrix maps nodal temperatures to temperature gradients:
This is analogous to the strain-displacement B-matrix in structural FEM: . The conductivity (stiffness) matrix is , where is the conductivity matrix.
中文: 热传导的B矩阵将节点温度映射为温度梯度(类比结构FEM的应变-位移B矩阵)。,K是导热系数矩阵。
Q112 🟡 热传导边界条件
EN: Two types of boundary conditions in heat transfer:
- Specified temperature (Dirichlet): on (analogous to displacement BC)
- Specified heat flux (Neumann): on (analogous to traction BC)
中文: 两类热边界——(1)指定温度(Dirichlet,类比位移BC);(2)指定热流(Neumann,类比力BC)。热流 = 导热系数 × 温度梯度 · 法向量。
Q113 🟡 热传导和结构FEM的类比
EN: The FEM procedures for heat transfer and structural analysis are completely analogous:
| Structural | Heat Transfer |
|---|---|
| Displacement | Temperature |
| Strain | Temperature gradient |
| Stress | Heat flux |
| Stiffness | Conductivity |
| Force | Thermal load |
The same element types, shape functions, isoparametric formulation, Jacobian, Gauss integration, and assembly procedures are used.
中文: 结构和热传导FEM完全类比——位移↔温度、应变↔温度梯度、应力↔热流、刚度矩阵↔传导矩阵。相同的单元类型、形函数、等参变换、Gauss积分都可以直接使用。这是FEM扩展到多物理场的基础。