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L14 — Heat Transfer(热传导)🟡 样卷未考


Q108 🟡 Fourier热传导定律

EN: Fourier’s law of heat conduction in 1D:

qx=KxxdTdx\boxed{q_x = -K_{xx}\frac{dT}{dx}}

where qxq_x is the heat flux (kW/m²), KxxK_{xx} is the thermal conductivity (W/m/K), and dT/dxdT/dx is the temperature gradient. The negative sign indicates heat flows from hot to cold (down the temperature gradient).

中文: Fourier定律:热流 qxq_x = −导热系数 × 温度梯度。热量从高温流向低温(负号)。K的单位是W/m/K。这是热传导的基本定律。


Q109 🟡 稳态热传导方程

EN: Steady-state heat conduction (no time dependence, dT/dt=0dT/dt = 0):

1D: Kxxd2Tdx2+Q=0K_{xx}\frac{d^2T}{dx^2} + Q = 0

2D (orthotropic): Kxx2Tx2+Kyy2Ty2+Q=0K_{xx}\frac{\partial^2T}{\partial x^2} + K_{yy}\frac{\partial^2T}{\partial y^2} + Q = 0

where QQ is the internal heat generation rate per unit volume (kW/m³).

中文: 稳态(dT/dt=0dT/dt=0)热传导方程——1D:KxxT+Q=0K_{xx}T''+Q=0;2D:KxxT,xx+KyyT,yy+Q=0K_{xx}T_{,xx}+K_{yy}T_{,yy}+Q=0。Q是内热源。注意与结构力学平衡方程的类比:TT(温度)↔ uu(位移)。


Q110 🟡 热传导的FEM基本变量

EN: In heat transfer FEM, the primary unknown is temperature TT (analogous to displacement uu in structural FEM). The element equation has the same form:

keTd=Pe\mathbf{k}_e \mathbf{T}_d = \mathbf{P}_e

where ke\mathbf{k}_e = element conductivity matrix (analogous to stiffness matrix), Td\mathbf{T}_d = nodal temperature vector, Pe\mathbf{P}_e = element thermal load vector (internal heat generation + surface heat flux).

中文: 热传导FEM的基本变量是温度T(类比结构FEM的位移u)。单元方程形式相同:keTd=Pe\mathbf{k}_e\mathbf{T}_d=\mathbf{P}_e,"刚度矩阵"变成热传导矩阵,"力"变成热载荷。


Q111 🟡 热传导B矩阵的作用

EN: In heat transfer FEM, the B-matrix maps nodal temperatures to temperature gradients:

{T/xT/y}=BTd\begin{Bmatrix} \partial T/\partial x \\ \partial T/\partial y \end{Bmatrix} = \mathbf{B} \mathbf{T}_d

This is analogous to the strain-displacement B-matrix in structural FEM: ε=Bd\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} = \mathbf{Bd}. The conductivity (stiffness) matrix is ke=hBTKBdxdy\mathbf{k}_e = \int h\mathbf{B}^T\mathbf{K}\mathbf{B}\,dxdy, where K=[Kxx00Kyy]\mathbf{K} = \begin{bmatrix}K_{xx}&0\\0&K_{yy}\end{bmatrix} is the conductivity matrix.

中文: 热传导的B矩阵将节点温度映射为温度梯度(类比结构FEM的应变-位移B矩阵)。ke=hBTKBdxdy\mathbf{k}_e=\int h\mathbf{B}^T\mathbf{K}\mathbf{B}\,dxdy,K是导热系数矩阵。


Q112 🟡 热传导边界条件

EN: Two types of boundary conditions in heat transfer:

  1. Specified temperature (Dirichlet): T=TˉT = \bar{T} on S1S_1 (analogous to displacement BC)
  2. Specified heat flux (Neumann): qn=KxxTxnx+KyyTynyq_n = K_{xx}\frac{\partial T}{\partial x}n_x + K_{yy}\frac{\partial T}{\partial y}n_y on S2S_2 (analogous to traction BC)

中文: 两类热边界——(1)指定温度(Dirichlet,类比位移BC);(2)指定热流(Neumann,类比力BC)。热流 = 导热系数 × 温度梯度 · 法向量。


Q113 🟡 热传导和结构FEM的类比

EN: The FEM procedures for heat transfer and structural analysis are completely analogous:

Structural Heat Transfer
Displacement uu Temperature TT
Strain ε=Bd\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} = \mathbf{Bd} Temperature gradient T=BTd\nabla T = \mathbf{BT}_d
Stress σ=Dε\boldsymbol{\sigma} = \mathbf{D}\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} Heat flux q=KT\mathbf{q} = -\mathbf{K}\nabla T
Stiffness k=BTDBdV\mathbf{k} = \int\mathbf{B}^T\mathbf{D}\mathbf{B}\,dV Conductivity k=BTKBdV\mathbf{k} = \int\mathbf{B}^T\mathbf{K}\mathbf{B}\,dV
Force F\mathbf{F} Thermal load P\mathbf{P}

The same element types, shape functions, isoparametric formulation, Jacobian, Gauss integration, and assembly procedures are used.

中文: 结构和热传导FEM完全类比——位移↔温度、应变↔温度梯度、应力↔热流、刚度矩阵↔传导矩阵。相同的单元类型、形函数、等参变换、Gauss积分都可以直接使用。这是FEM扩展到多物理场的基础。



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